Friday, January 24, 2020
Science and the Judicial System Essay -- Biology Essays Research Paper
Science and the Judicial System Science and the Judicial System are two concepts that at face value seem to be very distinct and unique in their own nature, but at their cores they share interesting similarities and connections. They each propose a different way of understanding how we comprehend and place order. In this paper I'll address my understanding of both concepts, analyze their theories, backbones and failures, and then bring them both together through connections hopefully to support my idea that they are both inextricably connected to what we call life and its relationship to the human mind. Science is a controversial subject very much like Judicial System. Although Science is largely composed of observation, experiments and their results, it raises controversy because imagination and perspective play a key role in those interpretations. As we know that imagination and perspective vary with each person due to education, background, and experience; how is it possible that we can assign a concrete truth to such a varied conceptualization. Thus, we cannot formulate any concrete truth. In this sense I see Scientists more as Philosophers. Another issue I find when dealing with traditional scientific theories is that Science often fails to provide theories and explanations for phenomenon's that hold truth and validation in both a scientific context and the context of the human mind. I feel that Science often caters to a "black and white" way of formulating answers; it fails to recognize the gray areas. Often times people try to find the most common and accepted ways to support their theories and in doing so they adapt to the standard and more traditional ways of viewing the world. This leaves less room for creativit... ...ly in value but also politics. Both science and the judicial system produce gray areas when trying to understand and rationalize. Science and the judicial system are inextricably connected to life. We systematically try to put life in a box to create order, order insures a comfort, and that comfort often gets in the way of open-mindedness. The human mind by itself is a convoluted vast universe. We as scholars, scientists, and human kind need to understand and that by assigning truths, right or wrongs we are limiting the extend of our intellectual capacities. References 1)The Truth of Science, Physical Theories and Reality, An article from Harvard University Press http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/NEWTRU.html 2)An Overview of American Abortion Laws, A thorough explanation of the laws concerning abortions http://hometown.ao.com/abrtbng/overview.htm
Thursday, January 16, 2020
Causes and the Course of the US Civil War Essay
The American Civil War created the nation of the United States as we know it today. The bloodiest war in the history of the nation, the victory was a combination of many factors and many battles that finally resulted in a Union victory. But why would a nation engage in combat so fiercely that more Americans were lost in the one war than in the American Revolution, WW1, WW2 and the Vietnam War combined? The main cause of the American Civil War was slavery. According to historian David Goldfield, ââ¬Å"Both Northerners and Southerners recognized slavery as the immediate cause of the Civil Warâ⬠and even Abraham Lincoln acknowledged this fact in his second inaugural address by saying, ââ¬Å"An eighth of the whole population were coloured slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest ââ¬â all knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war.â⬠The Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865 between two sides ââ¬â the anti-slavery, northern Union and the pro-slavery, southern Confederate States of America. The southern statesââ¬â¢ economies and social structures were built entirely on the concept of slavery ââ¬â slavery was fundamental to the entire economic and social existence. The upper classââ¬â¢s riches were all earned from the cotton plantati ons that provided two-thirds of the worldââ¬â¢s cotton crop, all worked by slave labour. When the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 eventually freed the slaves, the southern statesââ¬â¢ economies and social structures were literally turned upside down ââ¬â the South lost half its capital wealth in an instant. Aside from slavery, there were several minor causes of the Civil War, including the concept of agriculture versus industry and the statesââ¬â¢ rights to freedom from the tyranny of an overarching federal government, but these cannot be argued as the main cause of the war. If so, the war would have erupted in the 1830s with the Nullification Crisis, when President Andrew Jackson stated that South Carolina could not declare a federal tax null in their state. In reality, the Confederate government was quite demanding of its citizens, through passing the first conscription Act in the Americas, implementing national taxes, creating a national currency and having a national bureaucracy of 70 000 or more. But governmental reasons for goingà to war differed from those of the soldiers. Each soldier likely had a prosaic reason for enlisting, for example, one Alabamian only enlisted after his girlfriend sent him a dress and told him that he should start wearing it if he was not willing to fight for his country. Religion also paid a main role in the Civil War ââ¬â the Protestant North was high motivated to support combat if it preserved their states, ended slavery and promoted their religious denomination. Throughout the Civil War, there were numerous battles fought all across the nation, bringing the death toll to a total of 680 000. Unknown to most modern-day Americans, for the first year of the war, it seemed that the Confederates had secured a definitive victory. South Carolina had begun the war by attacking Fort Sumter. Three months later, the South then shockingly arose triumphant at the First Battle of Bull Run in Manassas, Virginia. Robert E. Lee (the commander of the Southern military) had highly energized, disciplined and trained soldiers who were fighting on home turf in Virginia on the Eastern front. The North, on the other hand, still believed that the war would be over quickly, and therefore, their soldiers were not so motivated to fight. The next major event of the war was the huge Union victory at the Battle of Shiloh near Pittsburg Landing. This area was key as it was the crossroads of the Confederatesââ¬â¢ two main railroads. 44 000 of General Ulysses S. Grantâ⬠â¢s command were amassed in camps around this area and were attacked at night by the Southern soldiers. Schermann, one of Grantââ¬â¢s underlings, heard a noise and went out to investigate, only to realise that the entire Union force in the area was under attack. Lasting all day, and beginning the next at daybreak, the leaders had only a small Methodist chapel in which to convene to discuss potential rapid strategizing. Due to the Southernersââ¬â¢ element of surprise and the Northernersââ¬â¢ superior force, it became the most costly battle of the war to date with 23 000 dead, injured or captured, and with around equal numbers on both sides. It was then the South were to suffer a great defeat at the Battle of Antietum ââ¬â Lee marched a force of 40 000 strong to Maryland on 4th September, 1862, only to be met with huge numbers of General George McClellanââ¬â¢s troops. 23 000 were killed in a single day, and General Lee was forced to retreat back to Virginia. After these major humiliations, it wasà months before the first real turning point of the war when the tide began to turn towards a Union success. Although politically the Union made some impact with the release of the Emancipation Proclamation on 1st January, 1863, in reali ty, there was little change in the secessionist states and the war dragged onwards. An excellent execution of division tactics by Lee resulted in a Confederate victory over the new Union commander Hooker at the Battle of the Wilderness, but at a cost of 24 000 casualties. From May to July 1863, Grant laid siege to the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, starving the population and firing shots at any soldiers who appeared on the walls of the town. After a naval landing, commander Pembertonââ¬â¢s force of 23 000 met Grantââ¬â¢s force, encircling and overrunning the city, and surprising the Southerners. The ensuing siege resulted in the Unionââ¬â¢s control of the lower Mississippi river, after the trapped Confederates surrendered unconditionally. This blocked any avenues for shipping supplies and soldiers for the South, which was extremely important. It also split the Confederacy down the centre, disrupting order and the transfer of information and supplies from east to west. During the same month, General Lee led a force into northern territory and met with Union forces at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. After a three day battle, 50 000 men had died, a stunning blow to the South. The second important turning point of the war was over a year later in August 1864, when the Union general Sherman took Atlanta, a manufacturing and railroad centre. This capture was important politically, rather than militarily, as it was close to the elections of 1864. Lincoln had to re-run for presidency and at the time, was very unpopular with the Northern population because the war was dragging on, and families were losing their sons and fathers. A difficult win, in Atlanta, Sherman besieged the city and when the citizens did not surrender, his troops began the famous March to the Sea, a night time march of terror involving all of Shermanââ¬â¢s command in which the soldiers marched from inland to the city, tearing up railway tracks and destroying all things of value along the way. The March ended in Savannah, where the inhabitants surrendered. With the fall of Atlanta, the publicââ¬â¢s view of Lincoln changed putting him in a position of superiority over his democratic opp onent, former top general George McClellan. Lincolnââ¬â¢sà election was an extremely important determinant of the course of the war as Lincoln was determined to have a Union victory, while McClellan did not seem to care which side was victorious, wanting only a settlement with the South. After Lincolnââ¬â¢s electoral victory, both the Union and the Confederates decided to wage total war, rather than the limited war that had been occurring for the last three years. In the mean time, the South was spiralling into despair, suffering under the Union naval blockade, Shermanââ¬â¢s campaign in Georgia, lack of international assistance, class conflicts, and a lack of money. The army began to disband, and as the Confederate leaders realized that all hope was lost, Jefferson Davis proposed peace negotiations. Delegations from the South and the North met at the Hampton Roads Conference in February 1865. Still there was no resolution to the conflict ââ¬â Lincoln demanded that the South surrender unconditionally, while Davis wanted to be granted full independence. In April 1865, however, the conflict was resolved at the Battle of Appomattox when Grantââ¬â¢s forces broke through Confederate lines headed by Lee, forcing the Southerners into a shameful retreat. Days lat er, Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. With this, the Civil War had finally come to an end. The American Civil War involved four gruelling years of conflict in which approximately 680 000 lost their lives. With the northern and southern states completely divided on the issue of slavery and the existence of slavery so intrinsic to the Southââ¬â¢s entire economic and social structures, there was much fuel for battle ââ¬â a battle largely about the right to human freedom and which ultimately lead to the demise of slavery in the United States. The Civil War was a critical part of American history, a defining moment in the future of the nation, and a defining moment in the freedom of all American people henceforth.
Wednesday, January 8, 2020
About Robert A.M. Stern, Classically Postmodern
Hes been called a Postmodernist and also a New Urbanist. He may be a Modern Traditionalist and a New Classicist.Ã Robert A.M. Stern, certainly a Master Planner and architect/teacher of the 21st century, designs seemingly simple buildings that express affection for the past. Background: Born: May 23, 1939, New York City Full Name: Robert Arthur Morton Stern Education: 1960: Columbia, Bachelors degree1965: Yale, Masters degree in architecture Selected Buildings: 1990: Disney Beach Club Resort, Florida1990: Disney Yacht Club Resort, Florida1993: Norman Rockwell Museum, Stockbridge, Massachusetts1996: Disney Boardwalk Resort, Florida1998: Celebration Health, a healthcare facility for Celebration, Florida2003: The Museum Center, The Mark Twain House2004: Miami Beach Library, Miami Beach, Florida2005: Jacksonville Public Library, Florida2006: Federal Courthouse for Richmond, Virginia2008: 15 Central Park West, residential, NYC2008: International Quilt Study Center and Museum, University of Nebraska-Lincoln2010: One Museum Mile at 1280 Fifth Avenue atop the Museum for African Art, New York City2013: George W. Bush Presidential Center and Library, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas2016: 30 Park Place (formerly known as 99 Church Street), residential, Tribeca, NYC Product Design: The firm of Robert A.M. Stern Architects employs hundreds of architects, interior designers, and support staff. Product designs include furniture, lighting, fabrics, and other decorative household items. Visit Robert A.M. Stern Architects, LLP for information on product furnishings as well as an extensive display of architectural projects. Urban Planning: Although well-known for his house designs, Robert A.M. Stern has been involved in vast urban planning projects such as the 1992 renovation of 42nd Street theater block in New York City. Along with architect Jaquelin Robertson, Robert A.M. Stern was the master planner for Celebration, Florida. Other Works: Robert A.M. Stern has served as dean for the Yale School of Architecture since 1998. Stern has written or edited dozens of books about design, including the PBS television series and companion book Pride of Place: Building the American Dream. Books by Stern and Partners at Robert A.M. Stern Architects (RAMSA): Robert A. M. Stern: Houses and Gardens, Monacelli Press, 2005Robert A. M. Stern: Buildings Projects 2004-2009, Monacelli Press, 2009Robert A. M. Stern: Buildings and Projects 1999-2003, Monacelli Press, 2004Robert A. M. Stern Architects: Buildings and Projects 2010-2014, Monacelli Press, 2015Robert A. M. Stern: On Campus, Monacelli Press, 2010Designs for Living: Houses by Robert A. M. Stern Architects, Monacelli Press, 2014 Related People: After graduating from Yale, Stern briefly worked as a designer in the office of architect Richard Meier.Architect and urban designer Andres Duany once worked for Stern.Tom Piper of the Checkerboard Film Foundation made a documentary film in 2011 entitled Robert A.M Stern: 15 Central Park West and the History of the New York Apartment HouseBuy on Amazon Robert A.M. Stern Architects, LLP: RAMSA460 West 34th StreetNew York, NY 10001 Web Site:Robert A.M. Stern Architects, LLP About Robert A. M. Stern: New York architect Robert A. M. Stern takes history to heart. A postmodernist, he creates buildings that express affection for the past. Stern served on The Walt Disney Company Board of Directors from 1992 to 2003 and has designed many buildings for The Walt Disney Company. Robert A.M. Sterns Boardwalk at Disney World suggests an American seaside village from the early 20th century. The buildings illustrate the evolution of architectural styles from the Victorian to the Vienna Secessionist movement. The mini-village is not intended to be historically exact -- rather, it presents a dream-like walk past artifacts from several eras. There is an ice cream parlor, a piano bar, a 1930s dance hall, a vintage roller-coaster, and an authentic 1920s carousel. Across Crescent Lake from Boardwalk, the Yacht and Beach Club hotels were also designed by Robert A.M. Stern. The Yacht Club is modeled after Victorian Shingle architecture, a rustic yet elegant fashion on Americas Atlantic coast at the turn of the century. The Beach Club is an informal, sprawling wood structure which also reflects 19th century American resort architecture. When Stern envisioned the Casting Center, an employee training area on Route I-4 near Orlando, Florida, he wanted to express the spirit of Disney, and also to reflect the Florida locale. The result is a building that resembles a Venetian Palazzo, yet contains whimsical Disneyesque details. Hence, classical columns are topped with gold leaf Disney characters.
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