Relationships With Nature Cherry Blossom

The cherry blossom (æ ¡Å", sakura) is the national flower of Japan. It is probably the most beloved flower among the Japanese. The blooming of cherry blossoms signifies not only the arrival of spring but the beginning of the new academic year for schools (Japanese school year starts in April) and of the new fiscal year for businesses. The cherry blossoms are symbols of a bright future. Also, their delicacy suggests purity, transience, melancholy and has poetic appeal. Sakura During this period, the weather forecasts include reports on the advance of sakura zensen (æ ¡Å"å‰ Ã§ ·Å¡, sakura front) as the blossoms sweep north. As the trees begin to bloom, the Japanese participate in hanami (èŠ ±Ã¨ ¦â€¹, flower viewing). People gather under the trees, eat picnic lunches, drink sake, view the cherry blossom flowers and have a great time. In cities, viewing cherry blossoms in the evening (Ã¥ ¤Å"æ ¡Å", yozakura) is also popular. Against the dark sky, the cherry blossoms in full bloom are especially beautiful. However, there is also a dark side. The Japanese cherry blossoms open all at once and seldom last more than a week. From the way they quickly and gracefully fall, they were used by militarism to beautify the death of the suicide units. To samurai in the ancient times or soldiers during World Wars there was no greater glory than dying on the battlefield like scattered cherry blossoms. Sakura-yu is a tea-like drink made by steeping a salt-preserved cherry blossom in hot water. It is often served at a wedding and other auspicious occasions. Sakura-mochi is a dumpling containing sweet bean paste wrapped in a salt-preserved cherry-tree leaf. A sakura also means a shill who raves about his mock purchase. Originally referring to people who were admitted to watch plays for free. The word came about because cherry blossoms are free for viewing. The cherry blossom is synonymous with the word flower (èŠ ±, hana). Hana yori dango (èŠ ±Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€šÅ Ã¥â€º £Ã¥ ­ , dumplings over flowers) is a proverb that expresses the practical is preferred over the aesthetic. In hanami, people often seem to be more interested in eating foods or drinking alcohol than appreciating the beauty of the flowers. Click here to learn more expressions including flowers.

The World Cup Of The Middle Of A Crowd Singing - 1628 Words

We nuh know bout league cah we name World Cup!† Every Friday night at ten o’clock, I find myself in the middle of a crowd singing these lyrics at the top of my lungs. Comfortable vibes, nice music, and people from all over Broward and Miami-Dade County, gather at Runway Doral to represent their beautiful Caribbean nationalities. As I dance to the soca music and sing along to Popcaan’s â€Å"World Cup†, I always find myself appreciating my culture more than ever before. With my hands in the air, and my mind far from reality, I begin to realize that this is where I belong---this is my community. Everyone has the ability to decide where their puzzle piece fits in this idea of a big picture. No matter where we come from, having a sense of belonging plays a vital role in one’s sense of self. Without belonging to a community that is accepting of your ethics, beliefs, and lifestyle, it is very difficult to create bonds not only with others, but also within yourself. Growing up in a westernized country, yet being raised based on Caribbean values, has helped me realize that there is no set restriction to how many communities you can be a part of. In fact, it is unlikely that anyone fits a single community. Identifying myself as a member of both an American and Caribbean culture, has broadened my understanding that while both communities may differ in many distinct ways, it is very possible for them to coalesce to create a stronger sense of fellowship. Through close bonds and commonality,Show MoreRelatedThe Russian Revolution and Animal Farm Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesTh e book Animal Farm by George Orwell was written in comparison to the way that the Russian revolution had taken place. The main idea of the book was that the petite bourgeoisie’s (the middle class people) were the ones who took advantage of the revolt. The petite bourgeoisie moved up the social tower to be the bourgeoisie (the noble class). 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In ancient times, Pakistan was a major cultural hub.[citation needed] Many cultural practices and great monuments have been inherited from the time of the ancient rulers of the region. One of the greatest cultural influences was that of theRead MoreFrench Wedding Traditions Dictate That The Bride3581 Words   |  15 Pageswhich is a song chosen by the couple to be played when they enter the reception. The French tradition is that guests rise to their feet at this moment, clap their hands and twirl their napkins over their heads. In the wedding reception during the Middle Ages, wedding guests would bring small cakes and stacked in a pile, as high as possible, in the center of a table. If the bride and groom could kiss over them without knocking them over, it was thought to symbolize a lifetime of prosperity. The traditionalRead More Bob Marley Essay3133 Words   |  13 Pagescontributed to the development of his poetry. 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John the Savage’s New World Free Essays

Brave New World Essay In Brave New World, John the Savage willfully exiles himself from the reservation, where he was born and raised, in order to travel to the new world; because of his passion for learning and this twisted idea of becoming happy through his acceptance. Aloud Huxley has written a novel where the main character experiences a type of exile that is tragically unalienable while being beneficial. John’s experiences in the world state were enriching; however, they were even more alienating and they ended up being so potent that it eventually pushed John to his early demise. We will write a custom essay sample on John the Savage’s New World or any similar topic only for you Order Now John’s exile was stimulating because of his discovery that truth and happiness are incompatible. He is faced with the idea that he will not be completely accepted by others because of how he is unlike anyone in the utopian society. His self-value was based on how others perceived him, his exile allowed him to see that his value should not be found in others. Upon their arrival to the World State, Bernard begins to parade John around to the other citizens in order to gain popularity. John recognizes the fact that the imaginary happiness that he has created for himself In he new world is fake, he decides that he â€Å"rather be unhappy than have the sort of false, lying happiness† that Bernard has from his newfound social status (Huxley 179). John becomes disturbed by the culture; he begins to accept the fact that these people only want to meet him because of how different he Is from them. John’s exile was educational and allowed him to see veracity; however, his outcast was even more destructive to him because of how It shatters his beliefs, the way It Isolates him from the citizens in the world state, how he feels that he was contaminated by their society, and overall It distances himself even further from anyone from either of his two worlds. His newfound perspective altered the manner he Interpreted everything In Its entirety and unfortunately his transformation of viewpoints Is for the worse. In an argument with Mustache Mood, Mustache claims that John Is â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy† and John responds by defiantly agreeing with him and saying that he Is In fact â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy’ (Huxley 240). John and Mustache have separate Ideas of what happiness Is. Mustache thinks â€Å"happiness Is a hard master – particularly other people’s happiness† (Huxley 226). He chooses to pursue political power over scientific truth, Mustache genuinely believes In the system of the World State; he’s not compromising his values, he’s fighting for them. John, however, believes that happiness Is found with the Individual and he freely admits that he hates the way that this new collocation Is systematically run. Brave New World portrays a society that has been designed for Idealistic happiness and not the Individual. Everyone values their own entity over their happiness, as John the Savage’s exile enlightens the audience; and the lack of Independence In Huxley evolve strikes a certain fear of this kind of society Into the reader. Huxley society Is one that Is constructed from standards that would not be deemed as moral In this day and age. John the Savage’s New World By griffin recognizes the fact that the imaginary happiness that he has created for himself in people only want to meet him because of how different he is from them. John’s more destructive to him because of how it shatters his beliefs, the way it isolates him society, and overall it distances himself even further from anyone from either of his two worlds. His newfound perspective altered the manner he interpreted everything n its entirety and unfortunately his transformation of viewpoints is for the worse. In an argument with Mustache Mood, Mustache claims that John is â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy’ and John responds by defiantly agreeing with him and saying that he is in fact â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy’ (Huxley 240). John and Mustache have separate ideas of what happiness is. Mustache thinks â€Å"happiness is a hard master – particularly other people’s happiness† (Huxley 226). He chooses to pursue political power over scientific truth, Mustache genuinely believes in the system of the World State; he’s not compromising his values, he’s fighting for them. John, however, believes that happiness is found with the individual and he freely admits that he hates the way that this new civilization is systematically run. Portrays a society that has been designed for idealistic happiness and not the individual. Everyone values their own entity over their happiness, as John the Savage’s exile enlightens the audience; and the lack of independence in Huxley novel strikes a certain fear of this kind of society into the reader. Huxley society is one that is constructed from standards that would not be deemed as moral in this How to cite John the Savage’s New World, Papers

English patient Essay Example For Students

English patient Essay The English Patient, directed by Anthony Minghella, is a romantic, melodramaticfilm which defines the art of cinematography. The internal and external rhythms,lighting, camera angles, lenses, music, dialogue, and editing are displayed in a way whichconveys the meanings and themes to the viewer in such a clear and efficient manner. Due to this fine exhibition, it is of the belief that film schools should use this piece ofartwork as a guide to students who wish to learn what cinematography actually is. Sopoetically did this phenomenal cast tell the story based on Michael Ondaatjes novel, thatafter each viewing , a greater love, understanding, respect and admiration arose withoutOne of the numerous themes of The English Patient is the troubles, hardships andever lasting negative emotions that war causes. It tells us that: even if one is luckyenough to escape the war without physical wounds, emotionally there is no escaping itsimpact. All of the main characters undergo some sort of pain as a result of the warbetween the Axis and Ally forces. The protagonist, Count Laszlo Almasy, a Hungariancartographer, perhaps has been struck the hardest of any. Almasy is rescued from hisplane after it is shot down and is soon mistaken for an English soldier. However, histroubles continue as his body is burnt from head to toe leaving the majority of his bodyimmobile. Almasy is dependent on heavy doses of morphine in order to temporarilyrelieve him of the excruciating pain that he suffers from. Also, if that isnt enough,Almasy fails to save the life of Katherine Clifton, a woman who he loves so dearly. Hana, the British nurse caring for Almasy, fortunately gets through the war without anyphysical damage. Unfortunately, the same cant be said for the emotional impact that shesuffers from. At times, the pain is so severe that Hana wishes death upon herself. Thediligent Nurse feels as if everyone she has ever loved eventually leaves her. Hana has thehorrifying experience of seeing thro ugh her very own eyes the death of her companionJenny during an automobile explosion. In addition, Hanas job requires her to care forwar wounded, dying patients who rely on solely hope to survive. Hana sheds some lighton the situation when she meets, and perhaps falls in love with, the intellectual Indianbomb specialist, Kip. However, as the war moves on and nears its end, Kip must transferpositions leaving Hana alone with only Almasy and Caravaggio. This sudden departureis just one of the several disappointments Hana faces. Minghella outlines this negativetheme throughout the film by displaying numerous tragedies. There exists a parallel between this film and Enrique Maria Remarques All Quieton the Western Front as both show the horrors of war. However, differences lie in thefact that Remarques novel took place during World War I and was a factual retelling. Onthe other hand, The English Patient was based on a novel that set during World War II. Itis of the opinion that although Th e English Patient is a fictitious piece of work, the stylein which it was filmed made the viewers feel that it was as real if not more realistic thanRemarques novel/movie. This was accomplished with the remarkable cinematographyinvolved in the making of this film. Another theme of the film is that of love and romance. These two themes arerepeatedly brought out by the actions of the characters.The most illustrious example ofthis lies in the relationship between Count Laszlo Almasy and Katherine Clifton. Almasyfirst encounters Clifton, in the desert where they flirtatiously argue about the use ofadjectives in literature. Almasy later sees Mrs. Clifton in an outdoor market in Cairowhere Almasy shows his affection towards her for the first time. These feelings arebecome evident through their powerful dialogue. Later, Clifton confronts Almasy abouthim following her home after leaving the market during a slow dancing at a formal affair. The married Clifton, at first reluctant to have any sexual relationship with Almasy, laterfinds herself unable to resist temptation and soon falls in love with the obsessed Almasy. The handsome Almasy shows his love towards Clifton in many ways including walkingfor days across the deserts of Cairo hoping to find a do ctor who can save the woundedClifton. The film extrapolates on their relationship by showing numerous sexualinteractions between the two. The love scenes displayed are intense and intellectualrather than explicit. This was done in order to allow the entire audience to benefit fromPerhaps the most dramatic of these scenes takes place on Christmas in Cairo inthe courtyard of the British Embassy. This scene was extremely significant, and perhapseven climatic, as we see Almasy and Katherine Clifton passionately sexually interact forthe second time. The scene commences when the screen shows the British soldierssitting at a long table in an open courtyard. Katherine walks over to a window on one ofthe walls. This window isnt made of glass, but rather possesses metal bars. Inside theEmbassy, on the other side of the window is Count Almasy. The camera pans asKatherine walks over to the window at which point Almasy tells Katherine of his plan toget her alone. The camera cuts back and forth b etween the two. At this point, a telephotolens is used to concentrate the viewers attention on Katherine and Almasy and theirdialogue rather than on the background events taking place. Music from an orquestra isheard. The music is soft and displays a happy theme as the soldiers celebrate thebirthday of Jesus ChristThe bars on the window are also extremely significant as theyare representative of a force keeping Katherine and Almasy away from each other. Almasy stands behind the window with a shadow casted on his head from metal bars. The bars, running perpendicular to each other, cast a shadow in the shape of a cross. Anironic twist comes as a result of many things. First, there are two Christians planning tocommit adultery. This is both a crime and sin in the Christian religion. It is also ironicthat it is the holiest of holidays, Christmas. Next, there is an appearance of a cross on thehead of Almasy. Along with the separation of the two by the window, these other factorsare attem pting to hint to them not to go through with their plan. The cutting rhythm of this scene is quite dynamic. After we see the shadow onAlmasys face, the camera cuts numerous times in a quick manner and displays the facesof numerous characters. The camera pans as Katherine walks back to her originalposition before going to the window. At this point she is located around the upper left toupper middle portion of the screen. The only lighting observed is the key lightingcoming from the sun. To the right of her is the table where the soldiers sit. They aredressed in uniform, facing one another across the table as they prepare for a toast. Inunison, everyone in the room raises their glasses and chants Merry Christmas. At thisprecise moment the camera is located at a high position directly above the courtyard,tilting down. The downward tilt gives the feeling of being controlled, restricted, or evenspied upon. This adds to the suspense and drama of what is yet to come. .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af , .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .postImageUrl , .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af , .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:hover , .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:visited , .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:active { border:0!important; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:active , .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u289243df112acfbda0fdc5bad8d647af:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Leadership Essay SummaryImmediately following the toast, Katherine begins to follow up the conspicuousplan. Minghella uses on a normal lens for this shot. Both Katherine and her backgroundare in focus. Also, in view at this time is Count Almasy, still in his position behind thebars of the window watching the acting Katherine. The window is shown at the middle ofKatherine fakes an illness and then denies permission to an escort who offers totake care of her. She meets up with Almasy in a doorway and walks behind him as theyhold hands and go into a back private room of the Embassy. The lighting in the doorwayis dark. At no time during this scene is there any artificial light ing. The sound heard atthis time is of people talking as they congregate just outside of where the two areinteracting.The viewers see a close up of the Katherine and Almasy through a telephotolens when Almasy begins to undress Katherine Clifton. A beautiful cutting rhythm isincorporated as the camera swiftly moves from the face of Katherine to the face ofAlmasy back to the face and body of Katherine and then a shot of both of their faces. When shown, the heads of the characters dominate the entire screen and littlebackground in visible. To add irony to the situation, the song Silent Night has soundedduring their interaction. This music starts precisely when Almasy puts his hand on thedress and bra strap of Katherine and gets louder as they proceed to undress and climaxesas they are having sex. In addition to Silent Night we also hear echoes coming from anorquestra. Katherine and Almasy contradict the lyrics of the Christmas carol. Theemphasis here reinforces the fact that it is Chri stmas and they are committing a severeAs the scene progresses, there is a zoom in on the neck of Katherine. The camerafocuses on the neck of Katherine. It is specifically on the sensitive section right above thecollar bone. This shot foreshadows a later remark made by Almasy during a sequencewhen he and Katherine make love and Almasy states: I claim this for me. The otherobject which is in extreme focus and is zoomed in on is Katherines pearl necklace. Thepearl necklace, which is a valuable accessory and could also be used as a term whichcontains sexual reference, is representative of Katherines marriage to Geoffrey Clifton,her current husband. The off white color of the pearls suggests innocence, acharacteristic which Katherine obviously contrasts. The shot cuts to show the man playing the bag pipes. The musician is located onthe left half of the screen leaving the right side displaying a window characterized bysmoked glass. Through this window, we are able to see shadows of Almasy and Cliftonmaking love. The music reaches its climax in terms of intensity and loudness at thispoint and the suspense also reaches a maximum. The scene cuts to Katherine one final time and her head is dominating the entirescreen from left to right. The sound of Silent Night fades out and the scene cuts backto the courtyard where the soldiers are sitting. The camera at this point is where it wasfor the original toast, high above, tilting down. The scene ends with the soldiers raisingthere glasses for another toast.The toast shows satire as it appears as if they aredrinking to the fact that Katherine and Almasy just finished their lovemaking when theyare actually making a toast with regard to the war or holiday. The English Patient utilizes all aspects of cinematography so brilliantly which iswhy there is such a tremendous amount of meaning. The dialogue is so deep andsignificant that every line should be carefully listened to and thought about. Although thedialogue was limited in my scene, the sound of Silent Night and the music from theorquestra played a significant role in determining the scenes meaning.All of the rest of technicalities of the scene are consistent with the rest of the film. In the scene, along with the rest of the film, there is no artificial lighting. Most of the keylighting came from the sun or the moon. For scenes inside, either light came throughwindows or certain objects that were used on the set gave light. For example if acharacter utilized a flashlight, that would provide the source of light. Other examplesinclude light from bonfires and lanterns. The type of camera lens which dominated myscene and most of the film was a telephoto lens. The telephoto lens is chara cterized by ashallow depth of field. Given that, only the close objects are in focus while thebackground images are blurred. Minghellas use of a telephoto lens time and time againduring climatic points also highlights and emphasizes the two themes mentioned above. Ifeel it is also necessarily to complement the superb job on the costumes and makeup. Itadded a sense a realism in an extraordinary amount. Lastly, the cutting rhythm during myscene and the entire film were similar. Although sometimes slow, often times they werequick creating a sense of realism and suspense which made the viewer want to watch on. Bibliography:

My World 2.0 by Justin Bieber free essay sample

Justin Bieber’s album My World 2.0 is different then some of his other albums because it is very upbeat and fast. Some of his newer albums are slower. When Justin came out with this album, he was in middle school. One song â€Å"Baby† is about his first love breaking his heart. This album includes songs like â€Å"Up† and â€Å"Overboard† that are very slow. But it also has fats, upbeat songs like â€Å"Baby† and â€Å"Eenie Meenie†. This album was his second hit right after My World in 2009, which made Justin famous. â€Å"Kiss and Tell† is a very fun song with a spunky beat. It also has very catchy lyrics that make you want to sing along. It is like most of the songs on My World, but is very different from his newer album Believe. The songs on Believe are slower then both My World 2.0 and My World. I like this album because it is fast with fun lyrics, but the only song where my opinion sags is â€Å"Never Let You Go†. We will write a custom essay sample on My World 2.0 by Justin Bieber or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It sags because it is slow and the lyrics are not fun. He is just singing about not letting go of a girl because she is going to heaven. â€Å"Stuck In The Moment† is the best on the album because the lyrics are very heart-felt and catchy. This album is a mix between his first album and his newest album My World and Believe. Justin is transitioning from fast, upbeat, spunky songs to slower songs. Overall, I really like this album and I would give it a rating of eight out of ten. This is because there are some slower songs that have lyrics that are kind of boring to me.

The data analysis Essays

The data analysis Essays The data analysis Essay The data analysis Essay Abstraction It goes like this, where there is an experiment/research there is an mistake. It is a really common thing that happens with everyone when they do an experiment or a research. And it s truly difficult and about impossible to avoid one. In general, mistake is a term given when something goes incorrect but really in scientific discipline it means as something unsure which is associated with every experiment and research. But every clip an mistake happens there is a opportunity or a new door to analyze that mistake and work on that and minimise it. As the word experiment or research suggests that we are looking for consequences or end products which are non given ab initio and it is rather obvious that mistakes come up during the procedure, so these mistakes have to be kept every bit little as possible by taking appropriate safeguards. It is every bit of import to analyze how large the mistakes are to construe the information with the consequences. So cognizing the types of mistakes, what they are, analysing the mistakes and their extension is truly of import in either experiments or research. Introduction Either in an experiment or a research it is impossible to acquire into a decision or a consequence without uncertainnesss. These uncertainnesss are nil but mistakes. Mistakes play a really of import function in acquiring to a meaningful consequence or decision. There are broad scopes of mistakes, but it depends on the experiment we do or the research that we are transporting out and the fortunes that are associated with it. These mistakes would impact the truth and the preciseness of the consequence. It is ever good to maintain these mistakes every bit low as possible, even though they are still at that place in every experiment and research. There are assorted factors involved in specifying an mistake for a peculiar experiment which finally categorizes the mistakes. While making an experiment or a research, there are two things which are truly of import that are to be expressed to acquire a meaningful decision. In the instance of an experiment it s the numerical consequences that we obtain and the mistake that is associated with it or the grade of uncertainness of the estimated value or the consequence that we have obtained. For illustration, when we weigh some chemical on a graduated table the concluding consequence would be 4.05 +/- 0.01 milligram, here 4.05 is the estimated value and 0.01 is the grade of uncertainness. Such consequences are meaningful and accurate. Where as in a literature research or a data analysis we get some decisions and to that we need to add either the premises, grade of fluctuation of the informations, grade of uncertainness of the information or the restrictions to do it a meaningful decision or a study. So cognizing or obtaining the consequence is one portion and giving the grade of uncertainness or the mistake analysis is the other portion in a successful experiment or a research. In any experiment it is rather frequently that we give numerical consequences. So it truly of import to cognize how to compose the consequences and the mistakes associated with it in a proper and a meaningful mode which is widely accepted. These are frequently defined as important figures, meaningful figures in a measure or a consequence. Some points that we have to maintain in head while composing Numberss are Digits that are non zero are frequently stated as important. But nothing that are present between two important Numberss are besides considered every bit important as it carries a significance. For illustration take the figure 19082, here 3rd figure is a nothing but it is considered as a important 1 It is better to compose the high denary consequences in the power of 1o. For illustration if we have a consequence as 0.000082, so it s better to compose it as 8.2*10^-5 If it is a figure with a denary point than the nothing to the right of a non nothing figure are besides important. For illustration, 8.00 has 3 important figures. For Numberss which are non holding decimals the draging nothing may non be considered important, to bespeak them as important so a decimal should be added. Now, cognizing the significance of mistake and how to show it, its of import to cognize the types of mistakes. Mistakes frequently would impact the preciseness and the truth of the consequences. Error is nil buit the uncertainness in the measurings. If we repeat the experiment many times so we get different consequences with different mistakes. First we need to cognize the types of mistakes and their word pictures. Before cognizing the types of mistakes it is of import to cognize the beginnings of mistakes. While making an experiment or a research, there are rather different beginnings which can be responsible for the mistakes to go on and these differ from experiment to experiment. Beginnings of mistakes Physical While making an experiment which deals with physical belongingss such as mass, temperature, volume, speed, clip etc, either one of them or many of them could really lend to the mistake in the concluding consequence. So a concluding mistake is a part of different mistakes that happen during the procedure. So it really of import to cipher the concluding mistake, by incorporating all the constituents and the mistakes associated with them. Chemical In the same manner as physical, we do have assorted chemical belongingss that contribute in our experiments. Properties like as concentration, pH, responsiveness, heat of burning, heat content, toxicity, etc. So we have to incorporate them all in order to come to a concluding decision or a consequence. Biological While coming to the biological beginnings we can hold a assortment of beginnings that are to be dealt with. Some of them are absorption, surface assimilation, separations, solubility of the dissolver, culturing belongingss, sum of the samples taken, etc. So we have to maintain in head every facet and even some mistakes are inter related every bit good. Literature Literature study or analysis is a really of import portion of all research and the manner we interpret the information besides exposes to a batch of mistakes. Therefore, it is truly of import to choose informations for the literature really carefully. There are many beginnings for information. But non all of them are peer reviewed, so it is really of import to choose echt and peer reviewed information for our work, otherwise mistakes that are present in the non reviewed documents or resources are straight exposed into our work. So choosing information plays a really of import function in any research. Others conditions Other conditions like the wellness of the 1 who is transporting out experiment, milieus, mental conditions, involvement, etc dramas of import function every bit good. Now it s of import to categorise the types of mistakes. Mistake classification Even though there are va Even though there are Virginias rious types of mistakes, in general they can be categorized into two major categories, which are Random Mistakes Systematic Mistakes Apart from these there are other mistakes as good. Some come under the above and some are assorted, which are Operator errors Reading/Observational mistakes Material mistakes Discoursive mistakes Model mistakes These are the major mistakes that are by and large referred to. Random Error Mistake which by and large fluctuates from one measuring to the following is frequently named as random mistake. And it can besides be defined as random fluctuations in the mensural value. These mistakes really affect the preciseness of the experiment instead than the truth. And random mistakes really displace the measurings in arbitrary waies. Assorted grounds can do this mistake but chiefly imprecise definition of the footings, statistical procedures, external perturbations, sensitiveness of the instrument, etc histories for the mistake. A typical illustration for a Random mistake If in a certain biological experiment, while mensurating a sample due to consequence of milieus and the instrument standardization the instrument, we get different weights each clip. If over a period of 5 measurings, the consequences are as follows 1.001, 1.002, 0.999, 0.998, and 1.000. While analyzing, the consequence can be given as 1.000 +/- 0.002, because it varies in that scope. In random mistakes mean value is frequently taken as the measured value and the scope is besides taken. Appraisal of the random mistake Mean value or the mean If an experiment has to be or is repeated many times, N times so we will hold consequences or the mensural value each clip like a1, a2, a3, a4, , an. This means that same measure has been measured n times. Then we need to take the norm or the average value of the N measurings that are obtained. This is obtained by Mean of a is ( a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + .+an ) / n So the mean or the mean value would be the best possible measured value over the given parametric quantities. More the figure of repeats, better would be the measured value and making so we can cut down the random mistake It can be considered a clip devouring method but it still depends on the type of the experiment and the clip taken for each measuring. So it is really of import to pull off clip and to take as many measurings as possible in the given or available clip. Making this, the concluding measured value would be with less mistake than any of the single measurings. Standard divergence The divergence of a certain value in the set of measurings that are taken from the average value is given by the standard divergence and it is frequently of import to cipher it in the experiments. And it is given by Systematic mistake Systematic mistake is an mistake which comes across in every measuring of a given measure, which tends to switch all the measurings in a really systematic manner which finally displaces the average value. This may be caused due to things like wrong standardization of equipment, improper usage of the equipment, failure to decently account for some consequence, Bias in the measurings, environmental conditions which consequence the measurings or even the imperfect methods of reading the measurings. But majorly wrong standardization of equipment or failure to utilize it properly histories for a major trade along with prejudice in measurings. One must avoid big systematic mistakes in the experiments but little systematic mistakes will ever be present as no instrument can be absolutely calibrated. For illustration we can see that in any weigh graduated table that if we closely look at them no two graduated tables are precisely the same. As discussed earlier apart from the standardization mistakes, mistakes can besides be caused due to fluctuations in the environmental conditions like force per unit area, humidness, temperature, etc which frequently be changeless during all the measurings. Hence they are frequently considered as systematic mistakes. Unlike random mistakes, it is truly hard to follow or happen out systematic mistakes as we can non state from where or due to what ground it is go oning. So while making an experiment it is really of import to observe down al the possibilities which can do the mistake, like the standardization errors, abnormality in the temperature and other environmental conditions. And it is really of import to maintain all of them in a record. So by making so if we get a noticeable alteration or disagreement in the concluding consequences so we can construe the records and analyze the mistakes based on them. So facts like temperature, other environmental conditions, consecutive Numbers s, clip, day of the month, topographic point, standardization criterions, fluctuations, maker inside informations, etc must be recorded from clip to clip. Sometimes maker of the instrument besides gives some mistake specifications, so it is really of import to do a note of all the facts and abnormalities in the instance of a systematic mistake. Systematic mistake must hold a bounded fluctuation in which believable bounds should be defined to its size. If we have a statistical theoretical account for the measurings so it will be good and good. This helps us to acquire a chance distribution which can be developed for the random variable which finally represents the systematic mistake. For an experiment which takes topographic point in a given clip, conditions related to the systematic mistake remains about changeless over replicate measurings. So systematic mistakes can be treated by non statistical methods. Unlike random mistakes, systematic mistakes can non be removed by reiterating the experiment as the mistake associated with each measuring is furthermore the same. For illustration, when we are mensurating the temperature utilizing a quicksilver graduated table, if the graduated table if non calibrated decently and it has an mistake of a few decimals of the centigrade so every measuring made will be holding that mistake irrespective of how many the experiment is repeated. Wayss to gauge the systematic mistakes Knowing the form of alterations. Ex-changes in temperature over clip, emphasis on the setup altering the truth of the standardization If the measuring is variable, so the impetus is detected by look intoing the zero reading during the experiment and ab initio before the experiment starts. This gives the mistake and necessary action can be taken consequently If there is no form in the alterations so either by mensurating a known measure or mensurating with another setup if available would be helpful in cognizing the mistake. So, every measurement device and setup has to be checked sporadically against the criterions. For illustration instruments like voltmeters, spectrometers, uv spectrometries, etc are checked sporadically to guarantee that impetus in the measurings is detected. Operator Mistakes Experiments are truly sensitive, so every experimenter should concentrate on the experiment at every minute and should read all the guidelines of making the experiment really carefully and follow all the processs prescribed. By and large when the experimenter tends to lose concentration during the experiment or during taking consequences mistakes happen and it affects the whole experiment. So he should be truly careful throughout. Some cardinal stairss are Proper concentration Traveling through the guidelines decently Good reading Careful executing of the programs Model mistakes For every experiment there is some theoretical theoretical account associated with it. But every theoretical theoretical account has its ain restrictions. Sometimes the restrictions cause mistakes, even thought the informations with the experiment may be accurate but the restrictions with the theoretical accounts restricts or causes mistakes. Incomplete theory and unspecified premises, concluding defects contribute to the theoretical account mistakes. So it is truly of import to cognize the restrictions and cognize how it s traveling to impact the experimental consequences. Reading mistake Every measuring that we take in a experiment trades with observing down or taking the readings. So mistakes associated with the reading of the measurings are named as reading mistakes. So reading mistake relates to the uncertainnesss caused by the restrictions of both mensurating equipment and the experimenter at the clip of the measuring. Chemical reaction clip plays a really of import function ( ex-stop ticker for mensurating times ) . It s the ability of the experimenter to minimise such mistakes. Reading mistakes reflects the preciseness of the consequence of the experiment. And it is accepted that reading of a graduated table and extrapolating between markers is comparatively simple. Vision of the individual besides affairs in such instances. While reading measurings of the graduated table it is really of import to read Ir at right angle. Eye-scale coordination should be perfect. And it is possible to cut down the reading mistake by reiterating the mistake with same conditions. Material mistakes Impure, faulty stuffs ( ex- impure samples, civilizations being contaminated, expired stuffs, etc. Violating the protocol, hapless accomplishments and improper processs lead to mistakes. Discoursive mistakes Failure in proper communicating which deals with defective studies, commendations and uncomplete publications. Improper opinion of the consequences, sudden jobs with the equipments, etc would ensue in mistakes. So if a measure is dependent on many bomber measures so this equation extends and the concluding consequences will be a attendant equation of bomber measures that were measured. Therefore the mistake of the single measures propagates and it effects the concluding measure which is our point of involvement and if depends on how the bomber measures are interrelated to the concluding measure. Decision Either it be an experiment or a research every experimenter undergoes the stage in which he has to cover with mistakes and mistake analysis. Every mistake either affects the preciseness or the truth of the consequences and it depends on the conditions and the type of mistake which we are confronting during the experiment. These mistakes can non be avoided but they can be minimized by proper analysis and effectual work. Many experiments have assorted protocols and methods to follow. So by following the methods and protocols absolutely is really of import. Interest to execute the experiment is a must and should be it throughout the experiment. Knowing what types of mistakes are present and gauging on what type of mistakes the experiment is prone to and gauging the mistakes plays a really of import function in every successful experiment that is carried out. Accurate and precise consequences can be achieved by concentrating on the experiment to the soap and cut downing the mistakes by proper analysis, appraisal, cognizing the mistakes and proper executing of the experiment within the clip graduated table by maintaining all the points associated with mistakes and mistake analysis in head throughout the experiment and holding a record of each and everything so that it can be utile following clip or to a new experimenter. Mentions Taylor, John R. An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties if Physical Measurements. University Science Books, 1982. P.V. Bork, H. Grote, D. Notz, M. Regler. Data Analysis Techniques in High Energy Physics Experiments. Cambridge University Press, 1993. Allchin, D. 2000b. The Epistemology of Error. Paper presented at Philosophy of Science Association Meetings, Vancouver, November, 2000. Franklin, Allan. 1986. The Neglect of Experiment. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressMayo, Deborah. 1996. Mistake and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Paul billiet 2003. Mistake analysis in biological science. Mayo, Deborah. 1996. Mistake and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Short informational report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short informational report - Essay Example There is a need of Education that is formal in this area to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of this program (Kotler, Brown & Armstrong 2004). Growth Projections: There has been an increase in sale of cutlery and kitchen utensils in China. The Cutlery and Kitchen Utensil Manufacturing Industry is growing at a rate of 13.9% per Annum, and the approximate revenue in this market is $ 17 billion. In addition, there is growth in the number of companies that produce cutlery and kitchen utensils. The businesses in this industry are 1194, and the total number of employees is 233,532 (Wood, 2013). This growth is a result of the increasing purchasing power in the country caused by the improved economy. There is an increased demand in the domestic markets, due to the increasing rate of western influence on dietary and culinary. This has resulted in Chinese raising the standards of living. The Company has to keep up with the market growth since this creates a great opportunity for its ex pansion. The production industry, therefore, should ensure there is increased innovation and implementation of new and unique ideas to attract and retain consumers. The management should create a good working environment and improve the treatment of employees, such as increasing payment and incentives. This would lead to the attraction of the best talent and skills. The managers could introduce new marketing activities such as internet advertising, and Research and Development (IbisWorld, 1999). Thus, it enables the development of a wider scope of the target market. Improved communication between the customer and the organization would enable the organization to produce kitchen utensils according to the needs and customer’s preferences. Intensive market research would help identify the company’s strengths and new opportunities in the market, hence attaining a better competitive position in the industry (Solomon, 2003). Competition The company faces competition from com panies such as Yongkang Ruixiang Metal Products Company and the Chaoan Caitang Shengfeng Stainless Steel Products Factory. Additional competition is from the local industries in countries where the Chinese Kitchen Utensils Production Industry exports their products, such as Taiwan, South Korea and Japan. This is because of the low prices of goods produced locally, since there is no exportation expense (Trade Media Ltd, 2013). The Company should compare its pricing methods to those of the competitors. A low price would lead to the attraction of consumers in the market. In the exporting countries, the company should ensure mass exportation of goods to reduce the costs, hence maintaining competitive prices with the local industries (Jeannet & Hennessey 2004). The Company should develop niche segmentation in the market, whereby there would be production of specialized design of products as per the customer’s request. Marketing research would enable the organization to produce pro ducts that can suite a large number of consumers (Pearce & Dent, 2009). It would enable the company to segment the market according to the needs of the variety of societies in the countries. Customers are attracted to quality products. The organization, therefore, has to produce higher quality products than their competitors to attract more consumers. Intensive promotion of goods, development of attractive labels and

Display design for or a museun, gallery, shop ,church, palace or Essay - 1

Display design for or a museun, gallery, shop ,church, palace or temporary exhibition - Essay Example The display remains steady and usable to date a feature that portrays the appropriateness off the display and subsequent renovations done to the facility that have sustained the position of the display thereby finding the display some relevance among the display and architectural accolades in the contemporary society as the essay below portrays. The portrayal of space comes naturally to the display of the church; the freestanding display has specific features that facilitate free movement of people, lighting, and aeration thereby facilitating its sustainability. The cathedral exemplifies effective consumption of space as it houses numerous offices of the diocese and the parish. From the large church with a naval height of twenty two meters and the numerous compartments throughout the floor that serve as offices to the dioceses, the cathedral is self-sustaining with the displayers ensuring that key features of the cathedral such as lighting, aeration and the management of the temperature remained self-sustained. The numerous compartments that extend to the heights of the towers do not obstruct the doors and windows. The church hall therefore extends to the walls all-round the display thereby perpetuating the free flow of light and air that keeps the church aerated throughout the service. Additionally, the displayers ensured that all the rooms and compartments in the cathedral remained easily accessible depending on their relevance to the main church. Display is a fundamental feature of the display that the displayers considered. The displayers ensured that the display remained elegant to date. Among the elements of display the cathedral exemplify include presentation. The freestanding cathedral enjoys glamorous ambience arising from the large and stylishly displayed laws to the strong tall towers that earns the cathedral its towering attribute in the neighborhood. As explained earlier, aeration, lighting and

What are the most important factors that influence the National Health Essay

What are the most important factors that influence the National Health Service in Modern Britain - Essay Example This paper analyses the influential factors that have shaped the structural aspects of the National Health Service in modern Britain. With a divisive background where state owned hospitals, the general practitioners and community as well as the domiciliary healthcare based services functioned as independent statutory entities, a new approach towards a modernized system with regards to the provision of comprehensive and co-ordinated healthcare services was fast needed to replace the old order (Markwell, 2009). The conception of the term â€Å"modern† denotes an era (1960s onwards) characterised by the adoption of a holistic frame of reference where traditional strategies were/are critically rethought over to capture the ever expanding consumer interest in a range of complementary healthcare approaches in the wake of a stronger wave of counter-culture (Daunton and Rieger, 2001). With industrialisation at hand, technology and political dynamics have played fundamental roles in directing policy shifts in conformity with a more demanding and ballooning populace. According to the Guillebaud Report, the changing trends in health issues and illness, the need for harmonious working relationships between the general practitioners and public hospitals towards more efficient preventive mechanisms, and the need for adequate healthcare provision to the growing number of the elderly in their own homes were issues of concern that needed to be addressed if the country was indeed serious in meeting every justifiable healthcare demand of its citizenry (Markwell, 2009). In fact, the impact of the growing numbers of the aging population on the NHS is indeed tremendous; the average public expenditure for retired households has nearly doubled that for non-retired households. The 2007/08 average value of NHS services for retired and non-retired population stood at  £5,200 and  £2,800 respectively; a clear indication of direct influence on

The Single World Order | An analysis

The Single World Order | An analysis Albert Schweitzer once said that The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human beings. How do we develop this sense of solidarity? All begins from your own self-awareness. Sometimes as humans, we feel that we have already fulfilled the requirements to be an ethical person. We all have a pretty good idea what are being ethical means, based on our own experiences, values and beliefs. But yet we still struggle with hard ethical questions in our roles that seem to have no simple answer. Generally speaking, ethics refers to the study of right and wrong behaviors. In daily lives we are regularly faced with important questions about what to do. Should I keep my promise or should I just break it? Should I give some of my money to the panhandler or keep it myself? Ethics, as a field of study, goes to find principles and rules for responding such day-to-day questions. How if nationalities are dissolved in favor of global citizenry (i.e. A single world order), would the world be ethically and morally better? The answer could vary, depends on what kind of government that will be built and how citizens respond to this. Advantages and Disadvantages of Single World Order Global citizenry or more known as single world order is a government system where the whole world is sharing the same rules and regulations without any exception. All of the citizens should listen and obey the protocol without any attempt to break the rules and regulations. In this democracy world, people should be given the freedom to express their opinions. Some countries still do not provide the freedom to give free speech. This situation can be referred as unethical situation. Each state would have the respective governments in which they have its own regulations. For some people, they cant really accept the rules that are applied in other countries. What will be the result if the entire countries united and have only one rule alone or well known as single world order? What could happen? If from the beginning when the world first formed, single world order has also been carried on; maybe this world could be ethically and morally better. A single world order would be impressive if it is properly done, but would be terrible if it were not just the right way. Although it may be a good decision, but actually theres some difficulties might be found since there are a lot of ethnic, race, nationality, religion and different culture. Looking at majority opinion and research that has been done by Dave Pederson, it says that a global government can be an evil beast which if loosed can only accomplish unfettered destruction. Given todays technology that is placed in this kind situation of carnage would be nearly impossible to destroy. Since technology would give them, those people with power, a lot of help to control this world. One of the strongest reasons to not have single world government is because dozens of peoples minds have not changed yet. The human races have not fully learned the value of teamwork and collaboration when it comes to an international scale. Everyone will be fighting with one another to get their way and that single world order will be nothing but a price for one nation to rule upon others. We need to have a major worldwide disaster such as World War III, which we expect it wont happen; environmental changes, or the discovery of something new, that we are not alone in this vast universe. Humanity must get this one government, only then we can fully apply all the advantages of a single world order. Somehow, this single world order would be a good idea, but it would have to be carefully made. Having one government in this world is the only way to achieve anything resembling world peace since it would build the feeling of patriotism irrelevant, because theres only one government to be patriotic to. However, the bastions of power that this world has been already way too big. There is one old adage says: There aint no such thing as a free lunch, which means it is impossible to get something for nothing. If such a government were imposed it would most likely mismanage resources due to the structure of the power in general. This world needs people to facilitate trade and communication between one another. However, those people are the ones with power; the message becomes corrupt and no longer reflects the common person. As some research has been done, there is some religion that against this single world order. They even start asking, is the single world order plausible? We all certain if this kind of situation announced in every corner of the world, it will spread very fast. Once its applied, it starts controlling the world just in the blink of an eye. Unless the citizen wake up from their lifeless careers and start thinking about the consequences and intentions of these single world order proponents and their plan there will not be a world to live in where people can be free much longer as before. (Is a One World Government Plausible, 1995) A lot of many different steps are being taken in order to push to a new single world order as stated in Courtnie Campbells article. It would harm us, as citizens; more than help us in the end. It would be very problematic, and it would be no way to controlling. How can the entire world agree on one type of government while we might end up having one leader that can be a dictator? Everything would not get along and it would just end up being a big dictatorship because there would be fights for power and on and on again. The only moral justification for a democracy where it can raise up the world, is that it permits the citizen to elect a good government. If the citizen fails to do that, then democracy misses any moral legitimacy it had. The ordinary fact that an evil or unfair government was democratically elected confers no existence rights on the government. The evil human beings have done in pursuit of their ideals is unrivaled. If you doubt about it, think of the colossal disasters and enormous tragedies caused by twentieth century government planners pursuing the loftiest ideals. (Hocutt, Max., 2010) Ethics in Government Why should we care and pay attention about government ethics? One of the reasons that often stated is the importance of government ethics to participate democratic government. As a democratic nation-state, citizens should actively participate in the democratic process. If citizens came to believe that politicians and governments were generally unethical and did some corruption, they might develop a strong sense of indifference towards the governments. This in turn, may result in people withdrawing, and also step back from the participation. Government ethics can play an important role in confirming this does not happen. By setting out clear and unmistakable rules that public officials must tolerate by, and by occupying persons responsible when those rules are broken, citizens can have confidence in their elected representatives and the political system. Nevertheless, citizens can take some ease in knowing when unethical behavior does and will occur. (Ethics in Government: Concepts, Issues Debates, 2007) Ethical Evaluation of Single World Order If we relate this issue to the 4 ethical evaluations, we can see that a single world is an ethically wrong action or an ethically right action. (Michael Jay, 2009) Kantian Evaluation By looking at the Kantian perspective, those few people that have been thinking about creating a single world order, are treating other people as a means to an end. Why is it so? If the single world order is being used, like what has been mentioned earlier, those people with power will take advantage from those common people that cant even do anything since they have no power to against you. Hence, single world order is wrong. Act Utilitarian Evaluation Violates Act Utilitarian; Action is immoral if there is a net deficit in happiness. Its all about the total happiness that we receive. Lets say that the population of the world is 7,000,000,000 people. The government will also need people to work for them; to control the process of the world that is going on. So they might need around 10% of the population. The 10% of governments people might feel happy because they can work in the government. Where the rest, 90% of the population; might feel unhappy because of the certain reasons that is stated above. The total unhappiness is bigger than the total happiness. Therefore, single world order is ethically wrong. Rule Utilitarian Evaluation The general case is to be likely similar to the specific case in the Act Utilitarian point of view. If a lot people against the single world order, which is a government system, the usefulness of the government will fall for everyone. If no one believes the government anymore, then there is no point of having a government system. Everybody will not obey the rules and the regulations that have been made by the government itself. When all of these consequences are considered, it seems clear that single world order is wrong from a rule utilitarian perspective. Social Contract Theory Evaluation We all have the right to free speech, where people should respect your rights. This social contract theory violates an action that goes against the rules that govern among citizens. The rules are based on the rights and negative rights of the community. People might just spread out their idea about having a single world order, create it with the rules and regulations, ask citizens to follow it. But looking at it the other way, your right to freedom of speech doesnt come with a requirement that anyone has to listen to what youre saying. Thus, a single world order is ethically wrong. (Ethics for the information age, Quinn. M. J., 2011) Conclusion and Recommendation As we can see from all the explanation and the reasons above, we can conclude that if all the nationalities are dissolved in favor of global citizenry (i.e. A single world order), the world wouldnt be ethically and morally better. It might be better if we have our own government in our country, which made its own rules and regulations, since it would not give the citizens cultural shock; if the single world order is really being created. Stephen R. Covey once said, People cant live with change if theres not a changeless core inside them. The key to the ability to change is a changeless sense of who you are, what you are about and what you value. Therefore, there is a way to build an ethically and morally better world, by fulfilling all these 3 steps: create, share and inspire. First of all as a citizen, we need to create an ethical life within ourselves. Is this kind of situation that I created will make people feel unhappy? Is my action bringing disadvantage to people around me? These kinds of questions must have crossed your mind before. After you applied the ethical life into your daily life, you can start sharing it to other people to let them understand, by showing them how ethical life is. Share it to your closest people, i.e. family and friends, by inspiring them. But of course, you need to remain ethical and moral. Try to create something that could indicate that you would bring happiness to the people around you, not disastrous or any disadvantages. If you have managed to inspire the people around you, then you, yourself have been successful in building a better world, which is ethically and morally better. (University of Virginia, 2012) Word Count: 1981 words. Annotated Bibliography Article 1 Journals Citation Hocutt, Max., 2010, Morality: What in the world is it?, Journal of Behavior Philosophy, Vol. 38, p31-48, 18p. Introduction About the morality that a world should have Aims and Scope The journal discussed about the law conception of morality Usefulness If we want to know what sort of thing real morality is, how we are obligated by it, and why we should obey it, we must begin with empirically determinate realities, not religious myths and utopian ideals. Limitations By only focusing on real moralities, we can understand morality exists and imposes obligations on us Conclusions Actually It is comparing existing moralities to each other that we can hope to discover which of them does a better job of performing its proper functions. My reflection Thus, we need to perform the morality start from ourselves, only we try to apply that to the whole world. Article 2 Journals Citation Hellman, Deborah, Judging by Appearances: Professional Ethics, Expressive Government and the Morality of How Things Seem (2001). Maryland Law Review, Vol. 60, p. 653, 2001. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=383821 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.383821 Introduction In this journal, the authors review that concerns to the societys ambivalence about appearance of impropriety standards for public officials and professionals is important Aims and Scope By widening the range of improper actions by including those that appear improper there may be more ethics-related inquiries and prosecutions which, ironically, may itself erode public confidence in institutions by making it seem that there is far more corruption than was ever thought Usefulness This journal is useful for my research topic because it is explaining the important differences between appearing to do wrong and expressing a constitutionally problematic meaning Limitations The limitation of the journal is the whole idea is too complicated. Conclusions This journal helped us to clarify what is the expressive dimension of state action is. In developing the ideas in this journal, we can see that it is the meaning of what is manifest or displayed that alone is crucial. My reflection Thus, this journal helps me in finding out the difference between appearing to do wrong and expressing a constitutionally Article 3 Journals Citation KIDDER, RUSHWORTH M. (12/2005) Moral Courage, Digital Distrust: Ethics in a Troubled World. Business and Society Review, ISSN 0045-3609, 110 (4), p. 485 505. Introduction The book itself is discussed using real-life stories from business, education, government, sports, and other areas Aims and Scope It is to explain what moral courage is, what it does, and how we can develop it Usefulness It also tells us about ethical behavior in individuals, institutions and nations through research, public discourse and practical action Limitations Because it was discussed using real-life story, some people might not really get what is the meaning behind the story Conclusions This journal offers a step-by-step guide, including checklists, on how to apply moral values to difficult situations, understand the risks (more often career troubles and social ostracism than physical harm) and endure hardships brought on by moral courage itself My reflection So, we as a people must put limits on how much technology we allow in this world. We must be able to be a technologically advanced country that also stays in the lines of the values of others and this journal helps a lot in my research. Article 4 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Dtmms.org (1997) Living a Moral and Ethical Life Elder Wisdom from ThunderStrikes. [Online] Available at: http://www.dtmms.org/readingroom/alignment/living_moral_ethical_life.htm [Accessed: 1 Sep 2012]. Introduction This article defines what constitutes ethics and morality Aims and Scope It is to make the reader understand about how important is living a moral and ethical life Usefulness To have a moral and ethical life, you need to see 5 aspects of the world: mineral world, the plant world, animal world, the human world, and spirit world Limitations Somehow, it has too many real-life examples that is not too straight forward, so it is quite hard for me to understand Conclusions But, as a human, we need to forgive people that did a lot of bad things to you My reflection Thats one way of living a moral and ethical life Article 5 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Mapleleafweb.com (2007) Ethics in Government: Concepts, Issues Debates | Mapleleafweb.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/ethics-government-concepts-issues-debates [Accessed: 9 Sep 2012]. Introduction Government ethics refers to a particular professional code of conduct for those who work in and for government. Government ethics, therefore, involve rules and guidelines about right and wrong behaviors for a host of different groups, including elected leaders, elected representatives, political staff, and public servants. Aims and Scope This article tells us about what is the importance of government ethics. Usefulness It includes the code of conduct and the code of ethics that is being used in government Limitations The limitation of the article is it only talks about the importance point. It doesnt include the advantages and disadvantages Conclusions This article helps us in clarifying what is government ethics and how it should be done My reflection Thus, it helps a lot in my research paper. Article 6 Books e-books Citation Colls, R. (1998), Ethics Man: John Grays New Moral World. The Political Quarterly, 69: 59-71. doi: 10.1111/1467-923X.00137 Introduction Explore the key issues of the day. Dedicated to political and social reform Aims and Scope Addresses current issues through serious and through provoking articles Usefulness Talking about topical issues and underlying trends politics Limitations It limits itself until the political stuff Conclusions Somehow, the new moral world should build start from the politic side where they need to clean out the corruption My reflection This book is useful for me, since politic is always about government. Article 7 Books e-books Citation Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2nd edition, ed. Lawrence Becker and Charlotte Becker (New York: Routledge, 2001), vol. 3, pp. 1706-1708. Introduction The point is especially important for the kind of absolutist ethic that Immanuel Kant defends. Aims and Scope Kant held that moral rules have no exceptions; on his way of thinking, we may never lie, we may never break a promise, and so on. Usefulness This is a clear example of an ethic that seems not to work in practice, for sensible people recognize that in extreme circumstances even very serious rules may have to be broken. Limitations Somehow, Kant said that it works fine on the theory but it doesnt work in practice, where he just taking back his statement about how ethics should work. Conclusions The relation of ethical theory to practice might be like the relation between biology and medicine, where they related and depends on each other. My reflection Thus, I believe that it is easy to tell others what ethics is, how should you done it, but it is very hard when it comes to real-life practice. Article 8 Journals Citation Campbell , C. (2012) A One World Government. Globalization in Todays world, Vol. 1. Introduction The globalization has come a long way over the past century, especially in the past decade. The possibility of a one-world government was formerly viewed as radical and was dismissed without even a second thought. Aims and Scope Multinational corporations are playing a huge role in the formation of the New World Order. These corporations are invested in many countries worldwide. Multinational corporations are simply interested in maximizing corporate profits (Crook). In doing so they have replaced democracies and democratic forms of governments worldwide (Crook). Because multinational corporations are very rich, the use their money as power. In theory, as the corporations increase in power, democracy [will be] replaced, bought, and corporate paid for and [will] no longer exist (Crook). Usefulness It tells you what exactly happened in this real world. Limitations It limits itself only to what happened with the government and the multinational corporation. Conclusions Their overall goals are to persuade the world into a one-world government that will be governed by the Illuminati themselves My reflection It is honestly very scary to know that our future and our country lie in the hands of these multinational corporations. Article 9 Newspaper Citation London-daily.com (2000) Guest Article by Rebecca Sumner for London Daily, the londoners newspaper. [Online] Available at: http://www.london-daily.com/art/ld-rebec.htm [Accessed: 13 Sep 2012]. Introduction This newspaper talks about events in Kosovo. As the events in Kosovo unfolded, few questioned the imperative for war Aims and Scope It is to spread our motive; which is humanitarianism. Usefulness Rebecca Sumner uncovers what we were never told before. Limitations But yet the humanitarian argument is famously flawed Conclusions My reflection So the conclusion is questionable: The facts beg a terrifying question: To whom now, is NATO accountable? Article 10 Books e-books Citation Race and culture : a world view SOWELL, T. (1994). Race and culture: a world view. New York, Basic Books. Introduction This book gives an international to themes from earlier works like Ethnic America and Markets and Minorities Aims and Scope It is argued that major economic and social differences between groups cannot be explained by environment Usefulness The persistence of traits among certain ethnic groups under a wide variety of circumstances, suggesting the weak influence of environment Limitations This book attributes the ethnic groups more to culture than nature Conclusions Decades of bearing down with increasing myopia and intensity of these current issues has generated more heat than light, but there is an alternative: dont rush in for the argumentative kill. Step back to learn. Acquire a wide historical perspective; perceive our current and national issues within the history and geography of the world. With a searching and honest examination of the big picture, many of our current confusions become clearer. Cultural behaviors turn out to develop naturally by people coping with their various conditions, and when we see this, cultural variations are less easily attributable to racial natures and capacities. My reflection Thus, the painful history of racial and ethnic relations is a sobering reminder of the high stakes which make clarity imperative and obscurantism dangerous. Article 11 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Preservearticles.com (2011) Do you think that One World Government is only Solution to the World Problems?. [online] Available at: http://www.preservearticles.com/201105136615/do-you-think-that-one-world-government-is-only-solution-to-the-world-problems.html [Accessed: 14 Sep 2012]. Introduction This article talks about will one world government be the solution to the world problems? Aims and Scope It discusses about the arguments for and arguments against a one world government Usefulness It also tells you about the benefit and disadvantages if one world government is used Limitations But somehow It doesnt tell you exactly whether the one world government would be good for this whole world or not Conclusions Theres always positive and negative points about one thing My reflection Thus, this article tells me that one world government might have its advantages and disadvantages which we dont really know yet since it havent been used. Article 12 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Blogs.darden.virginia.edu (2012) Building an Ethical World: Create, Share, Inspire  « Building an Ethical World. [Online] Available at: http://blogs.darden.virginia.edu/ethicalworld/2012/04/17/building-an-ethical-world-create-share-inspire-7/ [Accessed: 14 Sep 2012]. Introduction This article tells you how to create an ethical world by create, share, and inspire Aims and Scope It is to tell the whole world, what should you do to have a better world Usefulness It also brings a lot of positive attitude Limitations But It doesnt really tell you how do you share and inspire people Conclusions When you want to have a better world, you need to start it from your own self My reflection So, I really think that if we want to work hard on building our own ethical life, we can build an ethical world as well. Start in from my own self. Article 13 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Mtgap.wordpress.com (2010) Morality in the Real World  « Philosophical Multicore. [Online] Available at: http://mtgap.wordpress.com/2010/09/19/morality-in-the-real-world/ [Accessed: 15 Sep 2012]. Introduction The morality in the real world article discussed about what kinds of moral value do and do not exist in the natural world, how we can examine these issues carefully, and how we can (really) make the world a better place. Aims and Scope This article is to reveal their unusual beliefs in the name of utilitarianism Usefulness It tells you the reason behind an action Limitations The limitation of this article is because it is too focused on utilitarianism Conclusions If we are following Utilitarian morality, the actions we take in each of these situations will be very different. It is worth examining these two moralities separately. Strict Utilitarianism is the set of morality in which we assume that every rational being acts according to Utilitarianism; Practical Utilitarianism is that in which we remember all the constraints and imperfections of the real world. My reflection In my opinion itself, the real world is not nearly so simple. 14 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Prospect.org (2010) The Benefits of One-World Government.. [Online] Available at: http://prospect.org/article/benefits-one-world-government [Accessed: 12 Sep 2012]. Introduction Using real-life examples to explain the situation Aims and Scope Tells you what is the benefit of one world government Usefulness You might understand more because of the cases that are used as the examples Limitations No conclusion stated from the article Conclusions But still, Globalization is still the best method to control this world My reflection Viva globalization! Article 15 Scholarly Internet sites Citation Scribd.com (1995) Is a One World Government Plausible. [Online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/16525366/Is-a-One-World-Government-Plausible [Accessed: 15 Sep 2012]. Introduction Is single world order good for us, as citizen and common people? Aims and Scope This article is made to against single world order Usefulness It tells you a bunch of advantages of a single world order Limitations But too sad, this article has too many history stories which are confusing for people that dont know much about history. Conclusions Actually, the world domination is the goal of all the worlds most corrupt and subversive secret societies. They control the media, education, entertainment, politics, religion, academia, military, corporations, banking, and investment, and the major industries My reflection Therefore, the single world order or one world government is not plausible. Article 16 Books e-books Citation Ethics for the information age QUINN, M. J. (2009). Ethics for the information age. Boston, Pearson Addison Wesley. p.113-115 Introduction That particular page discuss about ethical evaluation of spamming Aims and Scope It is to prove whether spamming is ethically wrong or right Usefulness Somehow you know why is spamming wrong in this perspective Limitations But it doesnt specify the definition of the evaluation. (but it has been stated in another page, which I dont use it as reference) Conclusions Thus, spamming is wrong My reflection This particular page is useful for my research, where I can take the main points here and include it in my research paper. Article 17 Books e-books Citation Ethics for the information age QUINN, M. J. (2011). Ethics for the information age. Boston, Addison-Wesley. p. 95-111 Introduction These particular pages of the books talk about the ethical evaluation, which is almost the same with his previous book that published in 2009. Aims and Scope It tells you about how can you relate this ethical evaluation in your daily life Usefulness It explains using a lot of examples which make you easier to understand. Limitations The limitation is it only covers up the 4 ethical evaluations, where actually there is more than that. Conclusions But somehow, it explains well what is Kantianism, Act Utilitarian, Rule Utilitarian and Social Contract Theory is. My reflection This book helps me a lot in doing my research in the ethical evaluation section Article 18 Books e-books Citation Heresies : against progress and other illusions GRAY, J. (2004). Heresies: against progress and other illusions. London, Granta. Introduction He stated a quote in his introduction: Unlike science, ethics and politics are not activities in which what is learned in one generation can be passed on to an infinite

What A Day! :: Computers Internet Papers

What A Day! Pamela, Pamela, Pamela, what can I say she is a typical modern day mother. At work she is the woman who takes care of everyone else, she is the one who brings cookies and cakes everyday to share with everyone. I can see her now in her maroon 2001 Chrysler Mini van with vinyl interior so that the children don't mess up the seats! Driving along with her flowered dress, hair band, flat sandals, loads of jewelry and too much blue eye shadow, which by the way doesn't match her out fit, accompanied by her bulging purse that is filled with everything including the kitchen sink. This morning was a good one; she had orange juice with coffee, blueberry pancakes with butter and syrup. She isn't up in time very many mornings to make a full breakfast for herself, her three children and her husband; well you might as well say her four children. She just got her red hair permed and teased just the way she likes it a few days ago. Pamela is just so stylish in her everyday attire. Somehow s he finds the time to read her favorite book The Client, by John Grisham, and every once in awhile she even gets to watch her favorite movie Where the Heart Is. After a long day in the office as a secretary she is comforted to know that only four more weeks and she off to Disney World for a week of summer vacation with her kids. Pamela just got home from work. Each day after she gets home she reads her emails from her friends, which usually are about the most recent gossip. Today Pamela got an email that was quite frightening. The email was a forward from her friend Danielle and it contained a link to a website which was about a deadly chemical called dihydrogen oxide. This awful chemical is odorless, colorless, and tasteless, but it kills thousands of people each year. Pamela became scared and called her three children in the room with her to read about this terrible chemical. She continued to read her email aloud: â€Å"Most of the deaths caused by DHO are by accidental inhalation. Prolonged exposure to the chemical in its solid form can cause severe tissue damage.

The Role of Oracles and Dreams in Herodotus’ the History

usChristina Bramanti October 5, 2012 CLAS 20105 The Role of Oracles, and Dreams in Herodotus’ The History Throughout Herodotus’ The History, Oracles, and dreams play an important role. While the gods have almost no presence throughout the book, the Oracles and/or dreams are linked to many of the major events. We first encounter the Oracles in Book I, when Croesus asks the Oracles at Delphi if he should attack the Persians, the Oracle replies telling him (in a very ambiguous way) that if he fights, he will destroy a great empire (7. 12).Unbeknownst to Croesus, the empire he will destroy will be his own. However, this answer from the Oracle is one of the things that convinces Croesus to attack Persia, in a manner jumpstarting the war. It could be that Croesus was always fated to destroy his empire, for the Pythia said, â€Å"Fate that is decreed, no one can escape, not even a god. Croesus has paid for the offense of his ancestor† (1. 91). This was important to reme mber throughout the book. Whether Herodotus believed it or not, the Oracles and Magi believed that one could neither change nor escape fate.In Book VII, the Oracles tell the Athenians that a wall of wood and Salamis will save Athens. When the Athenians first consulted the Pythia at Delphi, whose name was Aristonice, their demise was foretold. They asked for a different oracle. â€Å"My Lord,† they asked, â€Å"give us a better oracle about our fatherland; be moved to pity the suppliant boughs with which we come before you, or we will never go away from your shrine but remain right here till we die† (7. 141). The priestess replied: No: Athena cannot appease great Zeus of Olympus With many eloquent words and all her cunning counsel.To you I declare again this word, and make it as iron: All shall be taken by foemen, whatever within his border Cecrops contains, and whatever the glades of sacred Cithaeron. Yet to Tritogeneia hall Zeus, loud-voiced, give a present, A wall of wood, which alone shall abide unsacked by the foemen; Well shall it serve yourselves and your children in days that shall be. Do not abide the charge of horse and foot that come on you, A mighty host from the landward side, but withdraw before it. Turn your back in retreat; on another day you shall face them.Salamis, isle divine, you shall slay many children of women, Either when seed is sown or again when the harvest is gathered. (Herodotus, 1. 141) The Athenians argued about what this meant, whether they will be victorious or defeated at Salamis. Themistocles concluded that, if the oracle referred to Salamis as â€Å"isle divine† that must mean that the Greeks would be victorious, because, he argued, it would have been referred to as â€Å"O Cruel Salamis† if all of its inhabitants were going to die. He then convinced the men to prepare for a sea battle. The ‘wall of wood’ would be their ships.The Athenians agreed with Themistocles, if, for no other rea son, than his explanation sounded better than that offered by the oracle-interpreters. Hope, they saw, was better than despair. In this instance, the Oracles do offer some idea of what will come, but the oracle-interpreters, whose purpose is to interpret, are essentially ignored. Themistocles heard what was said and picked out a phrase by which he explained the rest of the prophecy. The Athenians believed what they wanted to believe, which was that Salamis would be a Greek victory, and the ships made up the wall of wood to which the Oracle referred.While the Athenians do not listen to what the oracle-interpreters had to say, they did take to heart what was told to them by the Oracle, and this led to many of the Greek peoples uniting—Argos sided with Persia; Gelon of Syracuse refused to help unless he could lead, thereby offending the Spartans; Corcyra assembled men and ships and went to the war, but sat on the sidelines watching; and Crete refused to join. The united Greece, led by Leonidas, decided to fight at Thermopylae, where Leonidas was killed. However, after this, the war goes to Salamis, where the Greeks, surrounded, battle the Persians, forcing Xerxes to retreat with his army.Dreams also play a particular role in Herodotus’ The History. Like the Oracles, dreams influence people to make certain decisions. And like the situations with the Oracles, fate also plays a role. These people had these specific dreams because they were fated to make said decisions. The dreams, possibly, were the only ways to convince them, or to ensure that fate run its course. So was the case with Astyages, who dreamt of his daughter, Mandane, â€Å"making water so greatly that she filled all his city and flooded†¦all of Asia† (1. 107). Astyages immediately went to visit the Magi who were dream interpreters.Fearing that this meant she would have more powerful offspring, he married her, not to a Mede, but to a lesser, Persian man. However, fate would no t back down. After his daughter was married to the Persian, Astyages had another dream. â€Å"†¦It seemed to him that out of his daughter’s privy parts there grew a vine, and the vine shaded all Asia† (1. 108). Astyages again went to dream interpreters among the Magi, who suggested that this dream meant that Mandane – who was now, in fact, pregnant – would have a child who would become king in the place of Astyages. This is the point in the story where fate really comes into play.Much like the story of Oedipus, attempting to control or otherwise act in a way opposed to, fate seems to be exactly what allows for fate to run its course. Astyages takes the child, a son, when it is born and hands him over to a kinsman, Harpagus, and orders Harpagus to kill the child. Harpagus agrees, but cannot bring himself to do such a thing. Harpagus, in turn, hands the child over to Mitradates, a slave herdsmen of Astyages. Harpagus also passes on the task of murderin g the child. When Mitradates gets home with the child, he tells his wife, Cyno, the task with which he had been charged.Cyno, however, had given birth that day to a child who was stillborn, and she suggested that they place the dead child on the mountain to ‘die’ and raise Mandane’s child as their own. This way, they still get to raise a child, and the innocent boy is not killed. By removing the child from his mother, and handing him over to his death, Astyages is creating the path for which the foreseen future can now happen. One day, the boy was playing with children in town and they named him their king, and he reprimanded one of the children, a son of a man of higher rank than his herdsman father.They were all brought before Astyages, and this is how he came to learn that the boy had not been killed. When the Astyages learned that the boy, who would be called Cyrus, but was not yet at this time called Cyrus, was still alive, at first he was angry with Harpagu s, and he killed Harpagus’ son and fed his flesh to Harpagus. Then, after consulting with the Magi, he believed that the dream had already come true, since the boy was named king. â€Å"As it is,† the Magi told him, â€Å"the dream has issued in something trifling; we are ourselves quite confident and bid you be the same.So send the boy away from your sight to the Persians and his parents† (1. 120). When Astyages sent the boy away to live with his true parents, Harpagus watched him grow into a man, and when Cyrus was a young man, Harpagus sent him a message, suggesting that he overthrow Astyages, for he [Astyages] had ordered Cyrus’ death. Had it not been for himself and the gods, Harpagus argued, Cyrus would have been murdered when he was an infant. In this way, the dream explained by the Magi came to be fulfilled. In Book VII, Xerxes dreams of a man coming to him and reprimanding him for his indecision. Are you changing your mind, Persian, and will not lead your army against Greece after you have bidden the Persians to gather their host? † the man asks Xerxes. â€Å"You will not do well, so to alter your counsel, now will he who stands before you prove forgiving. As you have resolved by day to do, that is the road for you to tread† (1. 153). Thomas Harrison, in his book, Divinity and History: The Religion of Herodotus, argues that misinterpretation of the Oracles was the rule, rather than the exception. Harrison essentially discredits the oracles because they are so ambiguous. Not only do such instances of mistaken interpretation reinforce†¦the fated nature of the eventual outcome, but at the same time they supply their audience with the tools to explain apparent non-fulfillment: the story of Croesus serves to illustrate both the possibility of fulfillment against one’s expectations and†¦that of dormant oracles, long forgotten, being fulfilled nonetheless. † To a point, this makes sense. The Ora cles are constantly, it seems almost intentionally, ambiguous, and the message is almost always misinterpreted, often times to the listener’s detriment.The Oracles and dreams play a crucial role in Herodotus’ The History. The book is driven mostly by reactions to things either heard from an Oracle, or experienced in a dream. Sometimes trying—unsuccessfully—to change what was foretold, and sometimes trying cause what is believed to be the meaning. Fate, however, has run its course. No matter how many times someone tried to change what was prophesied, whatever they did to change it just ended up being the cause of that which was trying to be avoided.

An Object in Java Represents a Real-World Object

An Object in Java Represents a Real-World Object An object in Java  - and any other object-oriented language  - is the basic building block of all Java applications and represents any real-world object you might find around you: an apple, a cat, a car or a human. The two characteristics that an object always has are state and behavior. Consider a person object. Its state might include hair color, sex, height, and weight, but also feelings of anger, frustration or love. Its behavior could include walking, sleeping, cooking, working, or anything else that a person might do. Objects form the very core of any object-oriented programming language. What is Object Oriented Programming? Hundreds of books have been written to describe the intricacies of object-oriented programming, but basically, OOP is based on a holistic approach emphasizing  re-use and inheritance, which streamlines development time.  More traditional procedural languages, such as Fortran, COBOL, and C, take a top-down approach, breaking down the task or problem into a logical, orderly series of functions. For example, consider a simple ATM application used by a bank. Before writing any code, a Java developer first will create a roadmap or plan on how to proceed, usually beginning with a list of all the objects that need to be created and how they will interact. Developers may use a class diagram to clarify the relationships between objects. Objects required for use in an ATM transaction might be Money, Card, Balance, Receipt, Withdrawal, Deposit and so on.  These objects need to work together to complete the transaction: making a deposit should result in a balance report and perhaps a receipt, for instance. Objects will pass messages between them in order to get things done. Objects and Classes An object is an instance of a class: here is the crux of object-oriented programming and the idea of re-use. Before an object can exist, a class on which it can be based must exist.   Perhaps we want a book object: to be precise, we want the book The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy. We first need to create a class Book. This class could be the basis for any book in the world. It might look something like this: public class Book {String title;String author;   //methodspublic String getTitle({return title;}public void setTitle(){return title;}public int getAuthor(){return author;}   Ã‚  public int setAuthor(){return author;}// etc.} The class Book has a title and an author with methods that allow you to set or get either of these items (it would have more elements as well, but this example is just an excerpt). But this is not yet an object  - a Java application cant yet do anything with it.  It needs to be instantiated to become an object that can be used.   Creating an Object The relationship between an object and a class  is such that many objects can be created using one class. Each object has its own data but its underlying structure (i.e., the type of data it stores and  its behaviors) are defined by the class. We can create several objects from a book class. Each object is called an instance of the class. Book HitchHiker new Book(The HitchHikers Guide to the Galaxy, Douglas Adams);Book ShortHistory new Book(A Short History of Nearly Everything, Bill Bryson);Book IceStation new Book(Ice Station Zebra, Alistair MacLean); These three objects can now be used: they can be read, purchased, borrowed or shared.